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2026-09-09 17:26:05

N4 上的 URR 如何測量並報告 5G 使用量?

URR 透過 PFCP 將 UPF 使用量測量與 SMF 控制連接起來。PDR 關聯、測量旗標、門檻、配額、報告程序及計量邊界,有助於解釋使用量報告缺失或結果不符預期的原因。

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N4 上的 URR 如何測量並報告 5G 使用量?

UE 可以正常註冊並建立 PDU Session,封包也能正確轉送,但 SMF 仍未收到預期的使用量更新。此時應檢查 使用量報告規則(Usage Reporting Rule,URR):SMF 使用 PFCP 經由 N4 下發規則,UPF 按設定條件測量流量並回報。使用量報告可支援計費、監控與策略決策;完整計費仍需要其他功能及程序。

URR 在 PFCP 規則中的位置

封包偵測規則(Packet Detection Rule,PDR)識別流量並引用適用規則。轉送動作規則(Forwarding Action Rule,FAR)指定轉送、丟棄或緩衝;QoS 執行規則(QoS Enforcement Rule,QER)控制 QoS 與閘控;緩衝動作規則(Buffering Action Rule,BAR)提供相關緩衝指令。URR 定義使用量測量與報告,並在配置時包含配額相關行為。

一個 PDR 可以引用多個 URR,多個 PDR 也可以共用一個 URR。應確認實際匹配的 PDR、其 URR ID 引用及預期彙總範圍。URR 可以在沒有 PDR 關聯的情況下存在,但僅有該規則並不能證明測試流量正在被測量。

UPF 與 SMF 設備旁的 PDR、FAR、QER 和 URR 角色示意圖
N4 接口中的關聯關係:PDR 先識別並分類用戶流量,再引用 URR,使 UPF 能夠測量匹配流量並向 SMF 报告使用量

測量方法與計量範圍

Measurement Method 選擇資料量、時長、事件或支援的組合。Volume Measurement 回報總計、上行及下行的八位元組數;一個八位元組就是一個位元組。若 UPF 支援相關功能,Measurement Information 中的 MNOP 還可要求封包計數。不要混淆位元組計數、封包計數與應用程式有效負載大小。

時長測量取決於時間計量設定。Immediate Start Time Metering 可在收到指示時立即啟動測量;否則從第一個封包開始。非零的 Inactivity Detection Time 會在設定的無活動間隔後暫停時間測量,並在流量恢復時繼續。事件測量需要相應的事件偵測配置。

對資料量測量而言,報告通常涵蓋 QoS 執行後的使用量。若同時要求 QoS 執行前測量,則透過不同 Usage Reports 中的 Usage Information 區分兩種範圍。門檻適用於 QoS 執行後。判定計數不符之前,應先比較相同方向、計量時段及處理範圍。

報告觸發條件、門檻與配額

Reporting Triggers 必須搭配參數解讀:PERIO 使用 Measurement Period;VOLTH、TIMTH 和 EVETH 對應資料量、時間及事件門檻;VOLQU、TIMQU 和 EVEQU 對應配額。START 與 STOPT 在適用偵測條件下報告流量開始與停止。Quota Holding Time 涉及配額授予後的無活動狀態,並非週期報告計時器。

參數含義與邊界
Volume Threshold報告邊界,而非流量額度或自動封包切斷點。
Volume Quota分配的使用額度。耗盡時,可能必須依指定配額行為停止或限制轉送。
Measurement Period用於所要求週期使用量報告的間隔。
Monitoring Time將指定時刻前後的使用量分開的邊界,並套用相應的後續門檻或配額。

配額行為不只是通知。依 TS 29.244,耗盡已配置配額可能停止轉送,或依營運商策略僅允許有限流量。支援且已配置時,FAR ID for Quota Action 會選擇替代 FAR,用於丟棄、緩衝或重新導向流量。QER 與 FAR/BAR 的職責仍有區別;僅配置門檻的 URR 並不是頻寬限制器。

同時配置門檻與配額時,只啟用門檻觸發條件,不代表配額耗盡時會再發送一次報告。兩種觸發條件都啟用時,此處採用的 Release 18 規範會在兩個邊界報告;較早版本的行為可能不同。應檢查實作版本、功能、豁免條件及完整規則集。

資料量、時間及事件測量方式,以及 PERIO、VOLTH、TIMTH、START 和 STOPT 觸發條件示意圖
測量方式決定計數內容;觸發條件及相關參數決定報告條件。

Usage Report 如何到達 SMF

UPF 可以發送 PFCP Session Report Request,並以 Report Type 表示含有 Usage Report。應檢查 URR ID、UR-SEQN 與 Usage Report Trigger,再依情況檢查 Volume Measurement 或 Duration Measurement。Start Time、End Time 及封包時間戳可協助界定時段。僅由 START 觸發的報告不一定包含非零的使用量測量值。

SMF 回傳 PFCP Session Report Response,應檢查其 Cause。成功交付不代表計費成功或配額已更新。SMF 可另外發送 PFCP Session Modification Request 更新規則。Usage Reports 也可能依相關程序出現在 PFCP Session Modification Response 和 PFCP Session Deletion Response 中,因此只搜尋主動發出的請求可能漏掉計量記錄。

Monitoring Time 可以針對同一 URR ID,分別產生邊界前後的使用量報告。應保留 Usage Information 與序號資訊,區分重傳和新報告,核對報告時段,而不是把每個值都當成整個會話生命週期的累積計數。

範例:10240 位元組的資料量門檻

假設採用資料量測量、VOLTH,並設定總 Volume Threshold 為 10240 位元組及 TOVOL。測得總量達到邊界時,UPF 便回報;這個值並不是 10240 位元組的使用額度。封包粒度可能使報告值超過門檻。如有配置配額,必須另外分析。

UPF 使用量示意圖,顯示 10240 位元組門檻及發往 SMF 的 PFCP 使用量報告
範例使用 10240 位元組,等於 10 KiB。

使用量缺失或異常時的追蹤檢查項目

  1. 識別 PFCP 會話及實際匹配的 PDR,檢查 URR 引用與上行、下行 PDR 的彙總關係。

  2. 檢查 Measurement Method、測量啟用狀態、MNOP 支援、時間計量設定及 QoS 執行前後範圍。

  3. 將每個要求的觸發條件與其門檻、配額或計時器配對,並檢查 Monitoring Time 及後續值。

  4. 追蹤請求與回應、Cause、URR ID、UR-SEQN、報告時段及重傳,並涵蓋修改與刪除回應。

  5. 若報告成功,檢查 SMF 處理、計費整合、更新後配額及適用的 QER/FAR 變更。實際轉送行為應另外驗證。

常見問題

一個 URR 可以測量雙向流量嗎?

可以。相關上行與下行 PDR 可以引用同一個 URR。應確認預期彙總範圍,不要假定一個 URR 永遠只代表一個方向或一項服務。

Usage Report 能證明已向客戶收費嗎?

不能。它確認的是 UPF 報告事件。計費關聯、費率計算及帳單結果,仍需要對應控制平面與計費系統的證據。

是否應將所有 URR 報告相加?

不能直接相加。報告可能對應不同時段、監控邊界或 QoS 執行前後範圍,而重傳可能重複同一份報告。彙總前應先關聯識別碼及測量脈絡。

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