百科全書
2026-07-29 17:45:24
5GC QoS 架構:QoS Flow 如何控制 5G 服務體驗
透過 QoS Flow 粒度、SDF 對映、QFI、GBR 與 Non-GBR 處理、5QI、ARP、AMBR 限制、QoS Rules、PDR 以及 Reflective QoS,解析 5GC QoS 在 5G 服務交付中的作用。

貝克電信

5GC QoS 架構:QoS Flow 如何控制 5G 服務體驗

在 5G 網路中,QoS 並不只是附加在封包上的一個技術標籤。它決定哪些流量採用一般最佳努力處理,哪些服務應獲得有保障的資源,以及當無線環境或擁塞開始影響使用者體驗時,網路應如何回應。對電信業者而言,QoS 與頻寬成本和網路資源分配密切相關;對使用者和服務合作夥伴而言,它通常體現為服務品質、訂閱等級、服務優先順序或體驗保障。

一部手機可能同時產生多種流量:訊息、短視訊、雲課堂、遊戲、IMS 信令、VoNR 音訊、直播視訊、AR/VR 互動以及背景應用程式更新。這些流量的要求並不相同。帶緩衝的視訊比語音更能容忍延遲;IMS 信令需要可靠傳輸,但並不需要與視訊相同的頻寬;對延遲敏感的工業服務,對延遲和封包遺失的控制要求可能遠高於一般社群應用程式。

5GC QoS 的作用,是對這些服務資料流進行分類,將其對映到合適的 QoS Flow,分配相應的轉送處理,並協調 UE、gNB、UPF、SMF 與策略規則,使使用者平面按照服務意圖運作。

5GC QoS 架構圖,展示 SDF 流量透過 QFI 對映到 QoS Flow,並關聯 PDU 會話、DRB、N3 隧道、UE、gNodeB 和 UPF
5GC 以 QoS Flow 作為關鍵服務粒度,使同一 PDU 會話中的不同應用程式流量能夠獲得不同的轉送處理。

服務價值與資源成本

QoS 首先面對一個簡單事實:並非所有服務都能獲得相同的網路保障。大多數公共網際網路應用程式,如社群訊息、短視訊、一般網頁瀏覽、音樂應用程式或線上學習流量,通常採用最佳努力處理。它們一般被作為 Non-GBR 服務處理,這意味著網路不會為每條流承諾保證位元率。

部分服務可能因使用者、企業客戶或服務合作夥伴為差異化處理付費,而獲得更強的 QoS 保障。線上遊戲協作、進階企業應用程式、AR/VR 服務或產業專用低延遲服務,可以採用更受控的 QoS。這些服務在網路必須預留或保護最低速率時,可能使用 GBR,即保證位元率。

還有一些電信業者自有服務,即使使用者沒有單獨付費,也可能獲得 QoS 保障。語音服務就是典型例子。在 4G 中通常透過 VoLTE 討論,在 5G 中同樣的邏輯可體現在 VoNR 相關流量上。語音必須保持穩定、低延遲且清晰可懂,因此不能始終按一般最佳努力應用程式處理。

從承載到流

4G 與 5G QoS 最重要的差異之一,是從以承載為中心轉向以流為中心。在 4G 中,QoS 圍繞 EPS Bearer 構建。一個承載關係會關聯無線承載、S1-U 隧道以及 S5/S8 隧道資源。承載越多,通常也意味著需要更多相應的隧道和無線承載結構。

在 5G 中,關鍵 QoS 單元是 QoS Flow。一個 PDU 會話可以承載一個或多個 QoS Flow。每個 QoS Flow 由 QFI(QoS Flow Identifier,QoS 流識別碼)識別,其取值範圍為 0 到 63。具有相同 QFI 的封包接受相同的轉送處理。與舊的 EPS Bearer 方式相比,這為 5G 提供了更細緻、更靈活的服務分類模型。

一個 PDU 會話可以承載多個 QoS Flow,而該 PDU 會話對應的 N3 隧道仍然可以只有一條。一個 DRB 可以承載一個或多個 QoS Flow,QoS Flow 與 DRB 之間的實際對映由 gNB 控制。因此,DRB 數量不必等於 QFI 數量。例如,在一種設計中,Non-GBR 應用程式流和 GBR 遊戲流可以共享一個 DRB;在另一種設計中,也可以根據無線政策分別對映。

關鍵參數決定處理方式

5GC QoS 參數描述每條流應如何處理。在 QoS Flow 層面,常見參數包括 5QIARP。5QI 是 5G QoS Identifier,由 4G 的 QCI 概念演進而來。它表示優先順序、封包延遲預算、封包錯誤率、平均視窗,以及面向延遲關鍵型 GBR 服務的最大資料突發量等服務特徵。

ARP 表示分配與保留優先順序(Allocation and Retention Priority)。當資源有限時,它用於幫助判斷某個 QoS Flow 能否建立或保留。在擁塞條件下,ARP 會影響哪些流可以被接納,以及哪些流更可能被釋放或拒絕。

GBR 流具有與速率相關的參數。GFBR 定義保證流位元率,也就是網路希望保護的最低速率。MFBR 定義最大流位元率,超過該值的流量可能被丟棄。當 RAN 側無法滿足 GFBR 時,例如無線環境較差時,可以使用通知控制。最大封包遺失率則定義上行或下行流量可容忍的最大封包遺失水平。

Non-GBR 流量採用不同的控制方式。UE-AMBR 限制該 UE 所有 Non-GBR QoS Flow 的彙總位元率,而 Session-AMBR 限制單個 PDU 會話內所有 Non-GBR QoS Flow 的彙總位元率。RQA(Reflective QoS Attribute,反射型 QoS 屬性)表示該流是否可套用 Reflective QoS。

流量如何完成對映

只有能夠正確分類和對映封包,QoS 才有實際意義。在 5G 中,上行和下行採用不同的分類方式。對於上行流量,UE 按照網路下發或 UE 自行推導的 QoS Rules 進行分類與對映;對於下行流量,UPF 按照 SMF 下發的 PDR(Packet Detection Rule,封包檢測規則)進行分類。

QoS Rule 或 PDR 中包含封包過濾資訊,可能包括來源或目的地 IP 地址、IPv6 前綴、來源或目的地連接埠、IP 協議號、IPv6 Next Header 類型、IPv4 ToS、IPv6 Traffic Class、IPv6 Flow Label、IPsec SPI 以及流量方向。這些過濾條件用於告訴 UE 或 UPF,哪些封包屬於哪個 QoS Flow。

如果 UPF 無法將某個下行封包比對到有效 PDR,該封包可能會被丟棄。這一點很重要,因為下行 QoS 處理依賴 SMF 在 UPF 中安裝的規則。在上行方向,UE 按照適用的 QoS Rule 對封包進行標示,使其進入正確的 QoS Flow,再由無線存取網路進行處理。

Reflective QoS 可以在特定情況下減少信令開銷。當網路啟用 Reflective QoS 時,UPF 可以攜帶 RQI 指示發送下行資料。UE 透過 N3 隧道和無線介面接收到下行封包後,可據此推導出一條上行 QoS Rule。該 UE 推導的 QoS Rule 包含上行封包過濾器、QFI 和優先順序。這樣,UE 無需等待網路單獨下發規則,就能對後續上行封包進行分類。

5GC 流量對映圖,展示 UE 側上行 QoS Rule、UPF 側下行 PDR、SMF 規則下發、QFI 標示以及帶 RQI 指示的 Reflective QoS
上行封包由 UE 側 QoS Rules 完成對映,下行封包則由 UPF 依據 SMF 下發的 PDR 進行分類。

常見問題

為甚麼 5G 使用 QoS Flow,而不是只使用 DRB?

QoS Flow 屬於核心網路的服務處理模型,而 DRB 屬於無線承載處理。將兩者分離後,網路在把服務規則對映到無線資源時具有更高靈活性。

流量需求相似的兩個應用程式可以使用不同的 QoS Flow 嗎?

可以。電信業者除了考慮頻寬或延遲要求,還可能考慮服務歸屬、商業協議、訂閱政策和計費模式。

流量超過 MFBR 時會發生甚麼?

超過最大流位元率的流量可能被丟棄,因為 MFBR 定義了該 GBR QoS Flow 允許的速率上限。

為甚麼 5QI 對服務規劃很重要?

5QI 提供了一種標準化方式,將服務類別與優先順序、延遲、封包錯誤率和資源類型預期關聯起來,使 QoS 行為更容易設計和比較。

Reflective QoS 是否適用於所有終端裝置?

不是。它需要 UE 支援並由網路正確啟用。若終端裝置不支援,UE 就無法根據下行使用者平面資料推導上行 QoS Rule。

推薦產品
目錄
客服 電話
We use cookie to improve your online experience. By continuing to browse this website, you agree to our use of cookie.

Cookies

This Cookie Policy explains how we use cookies and similar technologies when you access or use our website and related services. Please read this Policy together with our Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy so that you understand how we collect, use, and protect information.

By continuing to access or use our Services, you acknowledge that cookies and similar technologies may be used as described in this Policy, subject to applicable law and your available choices.

Updates to This Cookie Policy

We may revise this Cookie Policy from time to time to reflect changes in legal requirements, technology, or our business practices. When we make updates, the revised version will be posted on this page and will become effective from the date of publication unless otherwise required by law.

Where required, we will provide additional notice or request your consent before applying material changes that affect your rights or choices.

What Are Cookies?

Cookies are small text files placed on your device when you visit a website or interact with certain online content. They help websites recognize your browser or device, remember your preferences, support essential functionality, and improve the overall user experience.

In this Cookie Policy, the term “cookies” also includes similar technologies such as pixels, tags, web beacons, and other tracking tools that perform comparable functions.

Why We Use Cookies

We use cookies to help our website function properly, remember user preferences, enhance website performance, understand how visitors interact with our pages, and support security, analytics, and marketing activities where permitted by law.

We use cookies to keep our website functional, secure, efficient, and more relevant to your browsing experience.

Categories of Cookies We Use

Strictly Necessary Cookies

These cookies are essential for the operation of the website and cannot be disabled in our systems where they are required to provide the service you request. They are typically set in response to actions such as setting privacy preferences, signing in, or submitting forms.

Without these cookies, certain parts of the website may not function correctly.

Functional Cookies

Functional cookies enable enhanced features and personalization, such as remembering your preferences, language settings, or previously selected options. These cookies may be set by us or by third-party providers whose services are integrated into our website.

If you disable these cookies, some services or features may not work as intended.

Performance and Analytics Cookies

These cookies help us understand how visitors use our website by collecting information such as traffic sources, page visits, navigation behavior, and general interaction patterns. In many cases, this information is aggregated and does not directly identify individual users.

We use this information to improve website performance, usability, and content relevance.

Targeting and Advertising Cookies

These cookies may be placed by our advertising or marketing partners to help deliver more relevant ads and measure the effectiveness of campaigns. They may use information about your browsing activity across different websites and services to build a profile of your interests.

These cookies generally do not store directly identifying personal information, but they may identify your browser or device.

First-Party and Third-Party Cookies

Some cookies are set directly by our website and are referred to as first-party cookies. Other cookies are set by third-party services, such as analytics providers, embedded content providers, or advertising partners, and are referred to as third-party cookies.

Third-party providers may use their own cookies in accordance with their own privacy and cookie policies.

Information Collected Through Cookies

Depending on the type of cookie used, the information collected may include browser type, device type, IP address, referring website, pages viewed, time spent on pages, clickstream behavior, and general usage patterns.

This information helps us maintain the website, improve performance, enhance security, and provide a better user experience.

Your Cookie Choices

You can control or disable cookies through your browser settings and, where available, through our cookie consent or preference management tools. Depending on your location, you may also have the right to accept or reject certain categories of cookies, especially those used for analytics, personalization, or advertising purposes.

Please note that blocking or deleting certain cookies may affect the availability, functionality, or performance of some parts of the website.

Restricting cookies may limit certain features and reduce the quality of your experience on the website.

Cookies in Mobile Applications

Where our mobile applications use cookie-like technologies, they are generally limited to those required for core functionality, security, and service delivery. Disabling these essential technologies may affect the normal operation of the application.

We do not use essential mobile application cookies to store unnecessary personal information.

How to Manage Cookies

Most web browsers allow you to manage cookies through browser settings. You can usually choose to block, delete, or receive alerts before cookies are stored. Because browser controls vary, please refer to your browser provider’s support documentation for details on how to manage cookie settings.

Contact Us

If you have any questions about this Cookie Policy or our use of cookies and similar technologies, please contact us at support@becke.cc .